Foreign Language Teaching Program - Spanish K-12
The objectives of the program are: (1) to give the students an opportunity to become broadly educated in the areas of Spanish language and culture, and (2) to provide a program of teacher education which promotes growth, development, professionalism and expertise for successful teaching.
Students who wish to prepare themselves as secondary Spanish teachers must make formal application to the teacher education program through the School of Education. For a detailed explanation of all requirements refer to the catalog portion under Education.
Students who wish to enter the Language Teaching Program, Spanish K-12, must make this decision by the end of the first semester of their sophomore year. Due to strict Pennsylvania Certification requirements and the degree of mastery necessary to teach a foreign language, specific preparation for this profession must begin no later than the above deadline.
Majors in the Foreign Language Teaching program must take a proficiency test in Spanish during the second semester of the sophomore year. Students who do not achieve a grade of C plus or better will be asked to change to another language program or a different major.
Special Regulations apply to native speakers of Spanish who wish to become certified to teach their native language:
Oral fluency is not considered adequate preparation to enter the teaching program. Such applicants must prove that they understand and can explain the grammatical structure of their native language and of English by passing a written test, given in the language department, with a grade of B or better. If successful, they will receive credit for SPAN 211 and will be accepted into the program. Applicants who test below this minimum will be advised to choose another major. The Advanced Course SPAN 211 is closed to native speakers of Spanish since it is geared to the needs of American students of the foreign language. Once accepted into the program, native speakers may take challenge exams in composition, conversation, civilization, literature, when appropriate; however, introductory and intermediate Spanish courses may not be challenged for credit.
The regulations apply to incoming freshmen as well as all other applicants.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES: Public and private school teaching in Kindergarten through grade 12. These opportunities have been increasing as more and more school districts realize the importance of improving or re-establishing their foreign language offerings. For students of Spanish, there exist additional career possibilities in agencies with Hispanic clientele, especially for graduates with some background in social work. For teaching on the college level, graduate studies are required, for which assistantships and scholarships are usually available to well qualified applicants.
Foreign Language Minor
The department grants a minor to qualified seniors upon graduation. Seniors who major in fields other than foreign languages but who have successfully passed five upper level courses plus FL 211 in one foreign language qualify for the minor. A maximum of six hours (two upper level courses) may be challenged by students entering with prior foreign language experience. The last six hours of foreign language must be taken at Gannon. Students interested in this minor should consult with the chairperson of the language department early in their academic career for advice on the sequence of courses to take and must complete an application form for a minor in the Dean's office.
GUIDELINES FOR PLACEMENT IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURSES
Advisors please follow these guidelines or consult the Language Department.
All students who have studied a foreign language for a year or less in high school should take CHIN 111, FREN 111, GREK 111, GRMN 111 or SPAN 111. Those who have studied 2 years should begin with 112. Students who have taken 3 or 4 years in high school and wish to continue with the same language, should begin at the intermediate level. Students with more than 4 years should start at the Reading level. Native speakers cannot fulfill requirements with CHIN 314, FREN 314, GRMN 314, or SPAN 314 Conversation. They must substitute another foreign language course in its place.
PLEASE NOTE THAT STUDENTS SHOULD FULFILL THEIR LANGUAGE REQUIREMENT NO LATER THAN THE JUNIOR YEAR.
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS:
Foreign Language Program
Chinese Language
CHIN 111: Introductory Chinese I
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing Chinese. For students with no background in Chinese or only one year of high school Chinese. 3 credits
CHIN 112: Introductory Chinese II
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing Chinese. For students with one semester of university level Chinese or equivalent.
Prerequisite: CHIN 111 3 credits
CHIN 210: Intermediate Chinese I
Continuation of skills acquisition with emphasis on spoken Chinese.
Prerequisite: CHIN 112 or equivalent or Director's permission. 3 credits
CHIN 211: Intermediate Chinese II
Review of language skills and study of advanced Chinese grammar.
Prerequisite: CHIN 210 or equivalent 3 credits
CHIN 314: Chinese Conversation
Increased practice in spoken Chinese to increase fluency and idiomatic and cultural authenticity in speech.
Prerequisites: Director permission, not open to native speakers, CHIN 112. 3 credits
CHIN 390-395: Independent Study/Special Topics
Prerequisites: CHIN 111, CHIN 112, CHIN 314 1-3 credits
French Language
FREN 111: Introductory French I
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing French. For students with no background in French or only one year of high school French.
Prerequisite: Directors permission. 3 credits, Fall
FREN 112: Introductory French II
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing French.
Prerequisite: FREN 111 or equivalent or Directors permission. 3 credits, Spring
FREN 210: Intermediate French I
Continuation of skills acquisition with emphasis on spoken French.
Prerequisites: FREN 112 or equivalent or Directors permission. 3 credits, Fall
FREN 211: Intermediate French II
Review of the language skills and study of advanced French grammar. A prerequisite for all other upper level French courses.
Prerequisite: FREN 210 or 4 years of high school French, or Director's permission. 3 credits, Spring
FREN 232: Reading French
Preparation for more advanced reading in French.
Prerequisite: FREN 211 or equivalent. 3 credits
FREN 240: French Phonetics
Theory of speech production; discrimination of oral styles including voice inflection and gesture.
Prerequisite: FREN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 312: French Civilization I
French civilization from beginning to French Revolution.
Prerequisites: FREN 211, FREN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 313: French Civilization II
Contemporary society in France.
Prerequisites: FREN 211, FREN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 314: French Conversation
Increased fluency, idiomatic and cultural authenticity are emphasized.
Prerequisites: FREN 211 or equivalent, not open to native speakers 3 credits
FREN 315: Advanced French Grammar
Further training in correct grammar, speech, and composition. Required for majors.
Prerequisites: FREN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 316: French Composition
Advanced training in composition and stylistics.
Prerequisites: FREN 211, 315 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 317: French for Business I
Introduction to general business vocabulary to cover the organization of French businesses, banking, transport, international business, stock market, insurance, looking for a job, business letters.
Prerequisite: FREN 211 or Director's permission. 3 credits
FREN 318: French for Business II
A continuation of FREN 317 with further development of French business culture, case studies of businesses, study of overall French economy, and its links in the global economy.
Prerequisite: FREN 317 or equivalent. 3 credits
French Literature
FREN 320: Popular French Fiction
Study of the popular short story and novel in post-war France.
Prerequisite: FREN 211, FREN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 331: Survey of French Literature, Part I
Major movements and figures. Reading of representative works from the beginnings to 1800.
Prerequisites: FREN 211, FREN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 332: Survey of French Literature, Part II
Major movements and figures. Reading of representative works.
Prerequisites: FREN 211, FREN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
FREN 335-338: Readings in French Literature and Culture
Topics for this advanced course will vary from semester to semester by genre and literary period.
Prerequisites: 3 upper level French courses or Director's permission 3 credits
FREN 390-395: Independent Studies/Special Topics 1-3 credits
FREN 396-397: Study Abroad
Credit awarded for participation in classes and activities taught in French and arranged abroad by the University, either for a semester or in the summer.
Prerequisite: Permission of the Department. 12-18 credits, Fall and Spring; 6-9 credits, Summer
FREN 399: Senior Oral
Required of all foreign language majors except teacher candidates, in the semester immediately prior to graduation. Independent study/research on a topic approved by the department, resulting in a paper written in the foreign language and defended in the language during the oral examination. 1 credit
German Language
GRMN 111: Introductory German I
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing German. For students with no background in German or only one year of high school German.
Prerequisite: Director's permission. 3 credits, Fall
GRMN 112: Introductory German II
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing German.
Prerequisite: GRMN 111 or equivalent or Director's permission. 3 credits, Spring
GRMN 210: Intermediate German I
Continuation of skills acquisition with emphasis on spoken German.
Prerequisites: GRMN 111, 112 or equivalent or Director's permission. 3 credits, Fall
GRMN 211: Intermediate German II
Review of language skills and study of advanced German grammar. A prerequisite for all upper level German courses.
Prerequisite: GRMN 210, or 4 years of high school German or Director's permission. 3 credits, Spring
GRMN 232: Reading German
Preparation for more advanced reading in German.
Prerequisite: GRMN 211 or equivalent. 3 credits
GRMN 312: German Civilization I
Contemporary society in the German-speaking countries.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
GRMN 313: German Civilization II
Contemporary society in the German-speaking countries.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211, GRMN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
GRMN 314: German Conversation
Increased fluency, idiomatic and cultural authenticity are emphasized.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211 or equivalent, not open to native speakers 3 credits
GRMN 315: Advanced German Grammar
Further training in correct grammar, composition and speech.
Prerequisite: GRMN 211 or Director's permission or equivalent 3 credits
GRMN 316: German Composition
Advanced training in composition and stylistics.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211, 315 3 credits
GRMN 317: German for Business I
Introduction to general business vocabulary to cover the organization of German businesses, banking, transport, international business, stock market, insurance, looking for a job, business letters.
Prerequisite: GRMN 211 or Director's permission. 3 credits
GRMN 318: German for Business II
A continuation of GRMN 317 with further development of German business culture, case studies of businesses, study of overall German economy, and its links in the global economy.
Prerequisite: GRMN 317 or Director's permission 3 credits
German Literature
GRMN 322: Modern German Fiction
Prose works of Mann, Kafka, Dölin, Frisch, and others.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211, GRMN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
GRMN 331: Survey of German Literature I
Major movements and figures to 1800. Readings of representative works.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211, GRMN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
GRMN 332: Survey of German Literature II
Major movements and figures. Reading of representative works.
Prerequisites: GRMN 211, GRMN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
GRMN 335-338: Readings in Literature and Culture
This advanced course will vary from semester to semester by genre and literary period.
Prerequisites: 3 upper level German courses 3 credits
GRMN 390-395: Independent Study/Special Topics 1-3 credits
GRMN 396-397: Study Abroad
Credit awarded for participation in classes and activities taught in German and arranged abroad by the University, either for a semester or in the summer.
Prerequisite: Permission of the Department. 12-18 credits, Fall or Spring; 6-9 credits, Summer
GRMN 399: Senior Oral
Required of all foreign language majors except teacher candidates, in the semester immediately prior to graduation. Independent study/research on a topic approved by the department, resulting in a paper written in the foreign language and defended in German during the oral examination. 1 credit
Greek
GREK 111: Introductory Greek I
Introduction to the language of the Greek New Testament. 3 credits
GREK 112: Introductory Greek II
Advanced syntax and reading of selected passages of the New Testament, and patristic writers.
Prerequisite: GREK 111 3 credits
GREK 390-395: Independent Study/Special Topics
Prerequisite: GREK 112 1-3 credits
Hebrew
HEBR 111: Introductory Hebrew I
An introduction to Biblical Hebrew grammar, syntax, and vocabulary with selected passages from original writings (Hebrew Bible/Old Testament) read throughout the course. 3 credits
HEBR 112: Introductory Hebrew II
Advanced grammar, syntax, and reading of selected passages of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, allowing students to gain a familiarity not only with the language itself but also with important aspects of Ancient Near Eastern Thought and Culture.
Prerequisite: HEBR 111 or equivalent 3 credits
HEBR 390-395: Independent Study/Special Topics 1-3 credits
Latin
LATN 111: Introductory Latin I
Acquisition of the morphology and syntax. 3 credits, Fall
LATN 112: Introductory Latin II
Language and Civilization of Ancient Rome, selected readings.
Prerequisite: LATN 111 3 credits, Spring
LATN 121: Intermediate Latin I
Prerequisite: LATN 112 or equivalent 3 credits, Fall
LATN 122: Intermediate Latin II
Review of grammar with selected readings.
Prerequisite: LATN 121 or equivalent 3 credits, Spring
LATN 391: Independent Study/Special Topics 1-3 credits
Multidisciplinary
MDFL 280: The Cultures of Mesoamerica
This course is a survey of the Indigenous cultures of Mesoamerica-México and Central America before and after the Encounter. It aims to show the continuity of Indian cultures, their cultural and political struggles and it will also focus on the worldviews shared by many of the native groups and their contributions. 3 credits
MDFL 281: Literatures of the Native Americas 1: Pre-Colombian and Colonial
This course is a survey of the ''literatures'' and oral traditions of the Native Cultures of the Americas from before the arrival of the Europeans to the colonial periods. 3 credits
MDFL 282: Literatures of the Native Americas 2: Postcolonial to the Present
This is an overview of the cultural productions of the Indigenous Cultures in the context of their relationship with the new national governments following the collapse of the European domination in the Americas. We will examine how that relationship is represented in different types of ''texts.''
3 credits
MDFL 290-295: Independent Study/Special Topics in English
Taught in English. No foreign language credit. These courses can only be used as free electives. 1-3 credits
Spanish Language
SPAN 111: Introductory Spanish I
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing Spanish. For students with no background in Spanish or only one year of high school Spanish.
Prerequisite: Director's permission. 3 credits
SPAN 112: Introductory Spanish II
Acquisition of basic skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing Spanish.
Prerequisite: SPAN 111 or equivalent or Director's permission. 3 credits
SPAN 210: Intermediate Spanish I
Continuation of skills acquisition with emphasis on spoken Spanish.
Prerequisite: SPAN 112 or equivalent or Director's permission. 3 credits
SPAN 211: Intermediate Spanish II
Review of language skills and study of advanced Spanish grammar.
Prerequisite: SPAN 210 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 232: Reading Spanish
Preparation for more advanced reading in Spanish.
Prerequisite: SPAN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 235: Spanish for Medical Personnel
Basic skills for medical communication with Spanish-speaking clientele.
Prerequisite: SPAN 112 or Director's permission. Non-credit course for Spanish majors. 3 credits
SPAN 236: Spanish for Social Work and Mental Health Majors
This course is designed for majors in social work and health sciences. It stresses job related vocabulary and conversational patterns in simulated career situations.
Prerequisites: SPAN 112 or Director's permission. Non-credit course for Spanish majors. 3 credits
SPAN 237: Spanish for Law Enforcement Careers
For Criminal Justice majors and law enforcement personnel. Job related Spanish in simulated
career situations.
Prerequisites: SPAN 112 or Director's permission. Non-credit course for Spanish majors. 3 credits
SPAN 240: Spanish Phonetics
Theory of speech production; discrimination of oral styles including voice inflection and gesture.
Prerequisite: SPAN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 312: Latin-American Civilization
Historic and contemporary society of Latin American countries.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 313: Spanish Civilization
Historic and contemporary society in Spain.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 314: Spanish Conversation
Increased fluency, idiomatic and cultural authenticity are emphasized.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211 or equivalent, not open to native speakers 3 credits
SPAN 315: Advanced Spanish Grammar and Composition
Further training in correct grammar, composition, and speech.
Prerequisite: SPAN 211 or Director's permission. 3 credits
SPAN 316: Spanish Composition
Advanced training in composition and stylistics.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, or Director's permission. 3 credits
SPAN 317: Spanish for Business I
Introduction to general business vocabulary to cover the organization of Spanish businesses, banking, transport, international business, stock market, insurance, looking for a job, business letters.
Prerequisite: SPAN 211, SPAN 315 or Director's permission. 3 credits
SPAN 318: Spanish for Business II
A continuation of SPAN 317 with further development of Spanish business culture, case studies of businesses, study of overall Spanish economy, and its links in the global economy.
Prerequisite: SPAN 317 or Director's permission 3 credits
SPAN 333: Mexican Civilization
Historic and contemporary society in Mexico.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
Spanish and Latin American Literature
SPAN 331: Survey of Spanish Literature, Part I
Major works and their historic context.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 332: Survey of Spanish Literature, Part II
Major works and their historic context.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 335: Survey of Latin American Literature I
Representative works from the pre-Columbian era through the 18th Century.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 336: Survey of Latin American Literature II
Representative literary works from the 19th Century to the present.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 337: Golden Age of Spanish Literature
Novel and Theater. Principal emphasis on Cervantes and Lope de Vega.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 340: Spanish American Novel
Major movements and representative works.
Prerequisites: SPAN 211, SPAN 232 or equivalent 3 credits
SPAN 390-395: Independent Study/Special Topics 1-3 credits
SPAN 396-397: Study Abroad
Credit awarded for participation in classes and activities taught in Spanish and arranged abroad by the University, either for a semester or in the summer.
Prerequisite: Permission of the Department. 12-18 credits, Fall or Spring 3-9 credits, Summer
SPAN 399: Senior Oral
Required of all foreign language majors, in the semester immediately prior to graduation. Independent study/research on a topic approved by the department, resulting in a paper written in the foreign language and defended in Spanish during the oral examination. 1 credit
Foreign Languages Curriculum
(Numerals in front of courses indicate credits)
FRESHMAN
Fall
2 First-Year Seminar
3 College Composition/LENG 111
3 Hist of West & World/LHST 111
3 Sacred Scriptures/LTHE 121
6 Foreign Language
17
Spring
3 Crit Analysis & Comp/LENG 112
3 Intro to Philosophy/LPHI 131
3 Elective
6 Foreign Language
15
SOPHOMORE
Fall
3 Fund of Speech/SPCH 111
3 Philosophy II Series/LPHI
3 Literature Series/LENG
6 Foreign Language
15
Spring
3 Theology II Series/LTHE
3 Fine Art Series/LFIN
3 Science
6 Foreign Language
3 Electives
18
JUNIOR
Fall
3 Theology or Phil III Series/LTHE or LPHI
1 Leadership Seminar
3 Linguistics/ENGL 217
3 Cognates
6 Foreign Language
16
Spring
6 Cognates
6 Foreign Language
4 Electives
16
SENIOR
Fall
3 Mathematics
3 Elective
6 Foreign Language
3 Cognates
1 Senior Oral
16
Spring
3 Senior Seminar/LBST 383
6 Foreign Language
6 Cognates
15
Total credits: 128
Foreign Language Teaching: Spanish K-12 Curriculum
(Numerals in front of courses indicate credits)
FRESHMAN
Fall
2 First-Year Seminar/EDCR 104*
3 Speech/SPCH 111
1 Foundations/EDCR 103
3 College Composition/LENG 111
3 History of West/World/LHST 111
6 Foreign Language
18
Spring
3 Psychology of Learning/Teaching/EDCR 101
3 Critical Analysis/Composition/LENG 112
3 Introduction to Philosophy/LPHI 131
3 Fundamentals of Math I or higher/MATH 105
6 Foreign Language
18
SOPHOMORE
Fall
3 Methods/Materials of Instruction/EDCR 320*
0 Secondary/K-12 Education Practicum/EDFL 101
3 Literature Series/LENG
3 Applied Statistics/MATH 213
9 Foreign Language
18
Spring
1 Leadership Seminar
3 Philosophy of Ethical Responsibility/LPHI 237
3 Sacred Scriptures/LTHE 121
3 Science Series
3 Foreign Language
3 Children with Except Needs/SPED 101
16
JUNIOR
Fall
3 Methods: Read across the Content Areas/EDCR 326
0 Secondary/K-12 Education Practicum/EDFL 102
3 Linguistics/ENGL 217
3 Philosophy II Series/LPHI
9 Foreign Language
18
Spring
3 Fine Arts Series/LFIN
9 Foreign Language
3 Meet Need Stu. Exceptionalities 7-12/SPED 340*
15
SENIOR
Fall
3 Assessment and Evaluation/EDCR 330*
3 Methods/Materials for ELL/EDCR 420*
0 Secondary/K-12 Education Practicum/EDFL 103
3 Theology II Series/LTHE
6 Foreign Language
15
Spring
3 Professional Seminar/EDCR 401
12 Student Teaching/EDFL 410
1 Senior Oral/SPAN 399
16
Total credits: 134
* Practicum embedded throughout semester
**Cohort Courses
Study Abroad Option
(12-18 credits Fall)
(12- 18 credits Spring)
(6-9 credits Summer)
All education courses require a grade of C or better.
All practicum experiences require a grade of P (pass).
A GPA of 3.0 or greater is required for all students seeking teacher certification.
Foreign Language/Business Option Curriculum
(Numerals in front of courses indicate credits)
FRESHMAN
Fall
2 First-Year Seminar
3 College Composition/LENG 111
3 History of West/World/LHST 111
3 Foreign Language
3 Sacred Scriptures/LTHE 121
3 Algebra for Business Students/MATH 114
17
Spring
3 Critical Analysis/Composition/ LENG 112
3 Business Technology 1/CIS 150
3 Financial Accounting/BCOR 201
3 Introduction to Philosophy/LPHI 131
6 Foreign Language
18
SOPHOMORE
Fall
3 Philosophy II Series/LPHI
3 Speech/SPCH 111
3 Microeconomics/BCOR 111
3 Managerial Accounting/BCOR 202
3 Literature Series/LENG
18
Spring
3 Theology II Series/LTHE
3 Macroeconomics/BCOR 112
3 Principles of Marketing/BCOR 241
3 Principles of Management/BCOR 251
6 Foreign Language
3 Foreign Language
18
JUNIOR
Fall
3 Theology/Philosophy III Series/LTHE or LPHI
1 Leadership Seminar
3 Fine Arts Series/LFIN
3 Science
3 Global Business/BCOR 306
3 Foreign Language
16
Spring
3 Cognate/Area of Study
3 Principles of Exporting/MKTG 255
3 Domestic Business Elective
6 Foreign Language
15
SENIOR
Fall
1 Senior Oral/FL 399
3 International Management/MGMT 310
3 International Ecomonics/ECON 241
3 Cognate/Area of Study
3 International Business Elective
3 Foreign Language
16
Spring
3 Liberal Studies Senior Capstone
3 Cognate/Area of Study
3 International Marketing/MKTG 345
6 Foreign Language
15
Total credits: 133
Foreign Languages/Government Option Curriculum
(Numerals in front of courses indicate credits)
FRESHMAN
Fall
2 First-Year Seminar
3 College Composition/LENG 111
3 US Government & Politics/POLI 111
3 Hist of West & World/LHST 111
3 Fund of Speech/SPCH 111
3 Foreign Language
17
Spring
3 Crit Analysis & Comp/LENG 112
3 Sacred Scriptures/LTHE 121
3 Intro to Philosophy/LPHI 131
6 Foreign Language
15
SOPHOMORE
Fall
3 Fine Art Series/LFIN
3 Philosophy II Series/LPHI
3 Public Policy Analysis/POLI 122
3 Introduction to International Relations/POLI 133
3 Foreign Language
15
Spring
3 Theology II Series/LTHE
3 Science
3 Political Science Sequence
6 Foreign Language
3 Electives
18
JUNIOR
Fall
3 Theology or Phil III Series/LTHE or LPHI
1 Leadership Seminar
3 Mathematics
3 World Geography/GEOG 201
3 Cognates
3 Foreign Language
16
Spring
6 Political Science/International Studies Sequence
6 Foreign Language
6 Electives
18
SENIOR
Fall
3 Literature Series/LENG
3 Political Science/International Studies Sequence
3 Foreign Language
6 Cognates
1 Senior Oral
16
Spring
3 Senior Seminar/LBST 383
3 Political Science/International Studies Sequence
6 Foreign Language
6 Cognates
18
Total credits: 133
